The first discovery of sapphires is believed to have occurred around 800 BC, and their name is derived from the Greek term "sappheiros," which means "blue stone.” During the Middle Ages, the celestial blue color of sapphires was linked to the heavens, thought to draw divine favor and wise judgment. The Greeks adorned themselves with sapphires in their quest for guidance from oracles, while Buddhists regarded them as a source of spiritual enlightenment, and Hindus included them in their worship rituals. Early Christian rulers esteemed sapphires for their protective properties, frequently setting them in ecclesiastical rings.

The classic violet-blue sapphires were mainly obtained from the Kashmir region of India from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. Australia was previously a significant source of sapphires until the discovery of deposits in Madagascar in the 1990s, which now leads global sapphire production. The gemstone became famous as a symbol of royal love in 1981 when Prince Charles gifted Lady Diana a 12-carat blue sapphire engagement ring. Currently, high-quality blue sapphires are considered among the rarest gemstones found in nature.

Sapphires may be subjected to enhancements such as heat treatment, beryllium diffusion, and the application of substances like lead glass or oils. Natural, untreated sapphires are typically more costly and less common than their treated or enhanced counterparts.

The scarcity of natural sapphires, especially those exhibiting outstanding color and clarity, greatly influences their market value, whereas treated sapphires are more prevalent and can be more budget-friendly. For cleaning sapphires, it is always safe to use warm, soapy water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for untreated, heat-treated, and lattice diffusion treated stones. However, fracture-filled, cavity-filled, or dyed materials should only be cleaned using a damp cloth.